Geoscientific Model Development Discussions www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net 1991-9611 1991-962X 1 1 2008 10.5194/gmdd-1-285-2008 http://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/1/285/2008/ http://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/1/285/2008/gmdd-1-285-2008.html http://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/1/285/2008/gmdd-1-285-2008.pdf 285 314 2008-10-02 Modelling water availability, sediment export and reservoir sedimentation in drylands with the WASA-SED Model E. N. Mueller A. Güntner T. Francke G. Mamede Institute of Geoecology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum – GFZ, Potsdam, Germany Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil The process-based, spatially semi-distributed modelling framework WASA-SED for water and sediment transport in large dryland catchments is presented. The WASA-SED model simulates the runoff and erosion processes at the hillslope scale, the transport processes of suspended and bedload fluxes in the river reaches and the retention and remobilisation processes of sediments in reservoirs. The modelling tool enables the evaluation of management options both for sustainable land-use change scenarios to reduce erosion in the headwater catchments as well as adequate reservoir management options to lessen sedimentation in large reservoirs and reservoir networks. The model concept, its spatial discretisation and the numerical components of the hillslope, river and reservoir processes are summarised and current model applications are reviewed to demonstrate the capabilities, strengths and limits of the model framework. Ackers, P. and White, W. R.: Sediment transport: new approach and analysis, J. Hydr. Eng. Div.-ASCE, 99, 2041–2060, 1973. Appel, K.: Characterisation of badlands and modelling of soil erosion in the Isabena watershed, NE Spain, Unpublished MSc thesis, University of Potsdam, Germany, 2006. Arnold, J. G., William, J. R., Nicks, A. D., Sammons, N. B.: SWRRB (A basin scale simulation model for soil and water resources management), User's Manual, Texas A&M University Press, 195 pp., USA, 1989. Arnold, J. G., Williams, J. R., and Maidment, D. R.: Continuous-time water and sediment-routing model for large basins, J. Hydraul. Eng., 121, 171–183, 1995. Bagnold, R. A.: The flow of cohesionless grains in fluids, Philos, Trans. R. Soc. London A, 249, 235–297, 1956. Batalla, R. J., Garcia, C., and Balasch, J. C.: Total sediment load in a Mediterranean mountainous catchment (the Ribera Salada River, Catalan Pre-Pyrenees, NE Spain), Z. Geomorph. N. F., 49, 495–514, 2005. Beven, K.: Rainfall-runoff modelling. The primer. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK, 2001. Boardman, J. and Favis-Mortlock, D.: Modelling soil erosion by water, Series I: Global Environmental Change, 55, Springer, Berlin, 1998. Breuer, L., Eckhardt, K., and Frede, H.-G.: Plant parameter values for models in temperate climates, Ecol. Model., 169, 237–293, 2003. Chow, V. T., Maidment, D. R., Mays, L. W.: Applied Hydrology, McGraw-Hill, New York, USA, 572 pp., 1988. De Roo, A. P. J., Wesseling, C. G., Ritsema, C. J., LISEM: a single event physically-based hydrologic and soil erosion model for drainage basins. I: Theory, input and output, Hydrol. Process., 10, 1107–1117, 1996. Everaert, W.: Empirical relations for the sediment transport capacity of interrill flow, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 16, 513–532, 1991. FAO: Global and national soils and terrain digital databases (SOTER), Procedures Manual. World Soil Resources Reports, No. 74., FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), Rome, Italy, 1993. FAO: Global Soil and Terrain Database (WORLD-SOTER). FAO, AGL (Food and AgricultureOrganization of the United Nations, Land and Water Development Division), http://www.fao.org/ag/AGL/agll/soter.htm., 2001. Foster, G. R. and Wischmeier, W. H.: Evaluating irregular slopes for soil loss prediction, T. ASAE., 17, 305–309, 1974. Francke, T., Güntner, A., Bronstert, A., Mamede, G.,and Müller, E. N.: Automated catena-based discretisation of landscapes for the derivation of hydrological modelling units, Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci., 22, 111–132, 2008. Graf, W. H. and Altinakar, M. S.: Fluvial hydraulics – flow and transport processes in channels of simple geometry, John Wiley & Sons LTDA, ISBN 0-471-97714-4, 1998. Green, W. H. and Ampt, G. A.: Studies on soil physics I. The flow of air and water through soils, J. Agri Sci, 4, 1–24, 1911. Güntner, A.: Large-scale hydrological modelling in the semi-arid North-East of Brazil, Dissertation, Institut für Geoökologie, Universität Potsdam, PIK-Report, Nr. 77, 2002. Güntner, A. and Bronstert, A.: Representation of landscape variability and lateral redistribution processes for large-scale hydrological modelling in semi-arid areas, J. Hydrol., 297, 136–161, 2004. Güntner, A., Krol, M. S., Ara\'ujo, J. C. d., and Bronstert, A.: Simple water balance modelling of surface reservoir systems in a large data-scarce semiarid region, Hydrolog. Sci. J., 49(5), 901–918, 2004. Han, Q. W.: A study on the non-equilibrium transportation of suspended load. Proc. Int. Symps. on River Sedimentation, 2 (Beijing China), 793–802, 1980. Han, Q. and He, M.: A mathematical model for reservoir sedimentation and fluvial processes, Int. J. Sediment Res., 5, 43–84, 1990. IRTCES: Lecture notes of the training course on reservoir sedimentation. International Research of Training Center on Erosion and Sedimentation, Sediment Research Laboratory of Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, 1985. Jetten, V.: LISEM user manual, version 2.x. Draft version January 2002. Utrecht Centre for Environment and Landscape Dynamics, Utrecht University, The Netherlands, 48 pp., 2002. Kirkby, M. J.: Physically based process model for hydrology, ecology and land degradation, in: Mediterranean Desertification and Land Use, edited by: Brandt, C. J. and Thornes, J. B., Wiley, UK, 1997. Krysanova, F., Wechsung, J., Arnold, R., Srinivasan, J., and Williams, J.: SWIM (Soil and Water Integrated Model), User Manual, PIK Report Nr. 69, 239 pp., 2000. Mamede, G.: Reservoir sedimentation in dryland catchments: Modelling and management. PhD thesis at the University of Potsdam, Germany, published on: http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/1704/, 2008. Maidment, D. R.: Handbook of hydrology, MGraw-Hill, 1424 pp., New York, 1993. Medeiros, P., Güntner, A., Francke, T., Mamede, G., and de Araujo, J. C.: Spatial and temporal patterns of sediment yield and connectivity at the catchment scale: an application of WASA-SED model to a semi-arid environment, in review, J. Hydrol., 2008. Meyer-Peter, E. and Müller, R.: Formulas for bedload transport, Proc. International Association of Hydraulic Research, 3rd Annual Conference, Stockholm, 39–64, 1948. Morgan, R. P. C.: Soil erosion and conservation Longman Group, UK, Limited, 304 pp., 1995. Morgan, R. P. C., Quinton, J. N., Smith, R. E., Govers, G., Poesen, J. W. A., Auerswald, K., Chisci, G., Torri, D., and Styczen, M. E.: The European Soil Erosion Model (EUROSEM): a dynamic approach for predicting sediment transport from fields and small catchments, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 23, 527–544, 1998. Mueller, E. N., Francke, T., Batalla, R. J., and Bronstert, A.: Modelling the effects of land-use change on runoff and sediment yield for a meso-scale catchment in the Southern Pyrenees, in review, CATENA, 2008a. Mueller, E. N., Batalla, R. J., Garcia, C., and Bronstert, A.: Modelling bedload rates from fine grain-size patches during small floods in a gravel-bed river, J. Hydr. Eng., 134, 1430–1439, 2008b. Neitsch, S. L., Arnold, J. G., Kiniry, J. R., Williams, J. R., and King, K. W.: Soil and Water Assessment Tool, Theoretical Documentation, Version 2000, Published by Texas Water Resources Institute, TWRI Report TR-191, 2002. Quinton, J.: Erosion and sediment transport, Book chapter in: Finding simplicity in complexity, edited by: Wainwright, J. and Mulligan, M., Environmental Modelling, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK, 2004. Rickenmann, D.: Comparison of bed load transport in torrents and gravel bed streams, Water Resour. Res., 37, 3295–3305, 2001. Schaap, M. G., Leij, F. J., and van Genuchten, M. Th.: ROSETTA: a computer program for estimating soil hydraulic parameters with hierarchical pedotransfer functions, J. Hydrol., 251, 163–176, 2001. Schmidt, J.: A mathematical model to simulate rainfall erosion. Catena Suppl., 19, 101–109, 1991. Schoklitsch, A.: Handbuch des Wasserbaus, 2d ed., Springer, Vienna, 257 pp., 1950. Shuttleworth, J. and Wallace, J. S.: Evaporation from sparse crops – an energy combination theory, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 111, 839–855, 1985. Sivapalan, M., Viney, N. R., and Jeevaraj, C. G.: Water and salt balance modelling to predict the effects of land use changes in forested catchments. 3, The large scale model, Hydrol. Process., 10, 429–446, 1996. Smart, G. M. and Jaeggi, M. N. R.: Sediment transport on steep slopes, Mitteil. 64, Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie, ETH-Zürich, Switzerland, 1983. Sidorchuk, A.: A dynamic model of gully erosion, in: Modelling soil erosion by water, edited by: Boardman, J. and Favis-Mortlock, D.: , NATO-Series I, 55, 451–460, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1998. Sidorchuk, A. & Sidorchuk, A.: Model for estimating gully morphology, IAHS Publ., 249, 333–343, Wallingford, 1998. USDA-SCS: USDA-SCS, Ephemeral Gully Erosion Model. EGEM. Version 2.0 DOS User Manual, Washington, 1992. Von Werner, K.: GIS-orientierte Methoden der digitalen Reliefanalyse zur Modellierung von Bodenerosion in kleinen Einzugsgebieten, Dissertation, Inst. f. Geographische Wissenschaften, TU Berlin, 1995. Williams, J.: The EPIC Model, in: Computer Models of Watershed Hydrology, edited by: Singh, V. P., Water Resources Publications, Highlands Ranch, CO., 909–1000, 1995. Wu, W., Rodi, W., and Wenka, T.: 3-D numerical modeling of flow and sediment transport in open channels, J. Hydrol. Eng., 126, 4–15, 2000. Wischmeier, W. and Smith, D.: Predicting rainfall erosion losses, US Gov. Print. Off, Washington, 69 pp., 1978. Yang, C. T. and Simoes, F. J. M.: User'smanual for GSTARS3 (Generalized Sediment Transport model for Alluvial River Simulation version 3.0), US Bureau of Reclamation Technical Service Center, Denver, CO, 80225, 2002.