<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "http://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/inc/gmdd/copernicus.dtd">
<article language="en">
	<journal>
		<journal_title>Geoscientific Model Development Discussions</journal_title>
		<journal_url>www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net</journal_url>
		<issn>1991-9611</issn>
		<eissn>1991-962X</eissn>
		<volume_number>2</volume_number>
		<issue_number>2</issue_number>
		<publication_year>2009</publication_year>
	</journal>
	<doi>10.5194/gmdd-2-1157-2009</doi>
	<article_url>http://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/2/1157/2009/</article_url>
	<abstract_html>http://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/2/1157/2009/gmdd-2-1157-2009.html</abstract_html>
	<fulltext_pdf>http://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/2/1157/2009/gmdd-2-1157-2009.pdf</fulltext_pdf>
	<start_page>1157</start_page>
	<end_page>1213</end_page>
	<publication_date>2009-08-27</publication_date>
	<article_title content_type="html">Description and evaluation of the Model for Ozone and Related chemical Tracers, version 4 (MOZART-4)</article_title>
	<authors>
		<author numeration="1" affiliations="1">
			<name>L. K. Emmons</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="2" affiliations="1">
			<name>S. Walters</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="3" affiliations="1,6">
			<name>P. G. Hess</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="4" affiliations="1">
			<name>J.-F. Lamarque</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="5" affiliations="1">
			<name>G. G. Pfister</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="6" affiliations="1,7">
			<name>D. Fillmore</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="7" affiliations="2,3">
			<name>C. Granier</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="8" affiliations="1">
			<name>A. Guenther</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="9" affiliations="1">
			<name>D. Kinnison</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="10" affiliations="1,8">
			<name>T. Laepple</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="11" affiliations="1">
			<name>J. Orlando</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="12" affiliations="1">
			<name>X. Tie</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="13" affiliations="1">
			<name>G. Tyndall</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="14" affiliations="1">
			<name>C. Wiedinmyer</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="15" affiliations="4">
			<name>S. L. Baughcum</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="16" affiliations="5,6">
			<name>S. Kloster</name>
		</author>
	</authors>
	<affiliations>
		<affiliation numeration="1" content_type="html">National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="2" content_type="html">Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="3" content_type="html">NOAA, Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="4" content_type="html">Boeing Company, Seattle, WA, USA</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="5" content_type="html">Max-Planck-Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="6" content_type="html">now at: Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="7" content_type="html">now at: Tech-X Corporation, Boulder, CO, USA</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="8" content_type="html">now at: Alfred Wegener Inst. for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany</affiliation>
	</affiliations>
	<abstract content_type="html">The Model for Ozone and Related chemical Tracers, version 4 (MOZART-4) is an
offline global chemical transport model particularly suited for studies of
the troposphere. The updates of the model from its previous version MOZART-2
are described, including an expansion of the chemical mechanism to include
more detailed hydrocarbon chemistry and bulk aerosols. Online calculations of
a number of processes, such as dry deposition, emissions of isoprene and
monoterpenes and photolysis frequencies, are now included. Results from an
eight-year simulation (2000â€“2007) are presented and evaluated. The MOZART-4
source code and standard input files are available for download from the NCAR
Community Data Portal (&lt;a href=&quot;http://cdp.ucar.edu&quot;target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;http://cdp.ucar.edu&lt;/a&gt;).</abstract>
	<references>
		<reference numeration="1" content_type="text"> Andreae, M. and Merlet, P.: Emission of trace gases and aerosols from biomass burning, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 15, 966â€“995, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="2" content_type="text"> Andres, R. and Kasgnoc, A.: A time-averaged inventory of subaerial volcanic sulfur emissions, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 25251â€“25261, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="3" content_type="text"> Barth, M C., Rasch, P J., Kiehl, J T., Benkovitz, C M., and Schwartz, S E.: Sulfur chemistry in the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model: Description, evaluation, features, and sensitivity to aqueous chemistry, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 1387â€“1415, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="4" content_type="text"> Baughcum, S., Tritz, T., Henderson, S., and Pickett, D.: Scheduled Civil Aircraft Emission Inventories for 1992: Database Development and Analysis, NASA Contractor Report 4700, available at: http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19960038445_1996060751.pdf, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="5" content_type="text"> Baughcum, S., Henderson, S., and Sutkus, D.: Scheduled Civil Aircraft Emission Inventories Projected for 2015: Database Development and Analysis, NASA/CR-1998-207638, available at: http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19980055200_1998120133.pdf, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="6" content_type="text"> Bonan, G., Levis, S., Sitch, S., Vertenstein, M., and Oleson, K.: A dynamic global vegetation model for use with climate models: concepts and description of simulated vegetation dynamics, Glob. Change Biol., 9, 1543â€“1566, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="7" content_type="text"> Bond, T., Streets, D G., Yarber, K F., Nelson, S M., Woo, J.-H., and Klimont, Z.: A technology-based global inventory of black and organic carbon emissions from combustion, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D14203, \doi10.1029/2003JD003697, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="8" content_type="text"> Bouwman, A F., Boumans, L. J M., and Batjes, N H.: Modeling global annual N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O and NO emissions from fertilized fields, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 16, 1080, \doi10.1029/2001GB001812, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="9" content_type="text"> Brasseur, G P., Hauglustaine, D A., Walters, S., Rasch, P J., Muller, J.-F., Granier, C., and Tie, X.-X.: MOZART: A global chemical transport model for ozone and related chemical tracers, Part 1: Model description, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 28265â€“28289, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="10" content_type="text"> Chang, J S., Brost, R A., Isaksen, I. S A., Madronich, S., Middleton, P., Stockwell, W R., and Walcek, C J.: A three-dimensional Eulerian acid deposition model: Physical concepts and model formulation, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 14681â€“14700, 1987. </reference>
		<reference numeration="11" content_type="text"> Chin, M., Ginoux, P., Kinne, S., et~al.: Tropospheric aerosol optical thickness from the GOCART model and comparisons with satellite and sun photometer measurements, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 461â€“483, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="12" content_type="text"> Chung, S. and Seinfeld, J.: Global distribution and climate forcing of carbonaceous aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4407, \doi10.1029/2001JD001397, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="13" content_type="text"> Deeter, M., Edwards, D P., Gille, J C., Emmons, L K., Francis, G., Ho, S.-P., Mao, D., Masters, D., Worden, H., Yudin, V., and Drummond, J R.: The MOPITT Version 4 CO product: Algorithm enhancements, selected results and bias drift, J. Geophys. Res., in preparation, 2009. </reference>
		<reference numeration="14" content_type="text"> Dentener, F., Stevenson, D., Ellingsen, K., et~al.: Global Atmospheric Environment for the next generation, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 3586â€“3594, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="15" content_type="text"> Dlugokencky, E., Myers, R., Lang, P., Masarie, K., Crotwell, A., Thoning, K., Hall, B., Elkins, J., and Steele, L.: Conversion of NOAA atmospheric dry air methane mole fractions to a gravimetrically-prepared standard scale, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D18306, \doi10.1029/2005JD006035, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="16" content_type="text"> Dlugokencky, E., Lang, P., and Masarie, K.: Atmospheric Methane Dry Air Mole Fractions from the NOAA ESRL Carbon Cycle Cooperative Global Air Sampling Network, 1983â€“2007, Version: 2008-07-02, available at: ftp://ftp.cmdl.noaa.gov/ccg/ch4/flask/, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="17" content_type="text"> Edwards, D., Emmons, L., Hauglustaine, D., et~al.: Observations of carbon monoxide and aerosols from the Terra satellite: Northern Hemisphere variability, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D24202, \doi10.1029/2004JD004727, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="18" content_type="text"> Emmons, L. K., Edwards, D. P., Deeter, M. N., Gille, J. C., Campos, T., Nédélec, P., Novelli, P., and Sachse, G.: Measurements of Pollution In The Troposphere (MOPITT) validation through 2006, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1795â€“1803, 2009a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="19" content_type="text"> Emmons, L K., Lamarque, J.-F., Apel, E. C., et~al.: Impact of Mexico City emissions on regional air quality from MOZART-4 simulations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., in preparation, 2009b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="20" content_type="text"> Fast, J., Gustafson Jr., W., Easter, R., Zaveri, R., Barnard, J., Chapman, E., and Grell, G.: Evolution of ozone, particulates, and aerosol direct forcing in an urban area using a new fully-coupled meteorology, chemistry, and aerosol model, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D21305, \doi10.1029/2005JD006721, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="21" content_type="text"> Fast, J. D., Aiken, A. C., Allan, J., Alexander, L., Campos, T., Canagaratna, M. R., Chapman, E., DeCarlo, P. F., de Foy, B., Gaffney, J., de Gouw, J., Doran, J. C., Emmons, L., Hodzic, A., Herndon, S. C., Huey, G., Jayne, J. T., Jimenez, J. L., Kleinman, L., Kuster, W., Marley, N., Russell, L., Ochoa, C., Onasch, T. B., Pekour, M., Song, C., Ulbrich, I. M., Warneke, C., Welsh-Bon, D., Wiedinmyer, C., Worsnop, D. R., Yu, X.-Y., and Zaveri, R.: Evaluating simulated primary anthropogenic and biomass burning organic aerosols during MILAGRO: implications for assessing treatments of secondary organic aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 9, 4805â€“4871, 2009. </reference>
		<reference numeration="22" content_type="text"> Fast, J. D., de Foy, B., Acevedo Rosas, F., Caetano, E., Carmichael, G., Emmons, L., McKenna, D., Mena, M., Skamarock, W., Tie, X., Coulter, R. L., Barnard, J. C., Wiedinmyer, C., and Madronich, S.: A meteorological overview of the MILAGRO field campaigns, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 2233â€“2257, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="23" content_type="text"> Gong, S L., Barrie, L A., Blanchet, J.-P., von Salzen, K., Lohmann, U., Lesins, G., Spacek, L., Zhang, L M., Girard, E., Lin, H., Leaitch, R., Leighton, H., Chylek, P., and Huang, P.: Canadian Aerosol Module: A size-segregated simulation of atmospheric aerosol processes for climate and air quality models 1. Module development, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D1), 4007, doi:10.1029/2001JD002002, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="24" content_type="text"> Granier, C., Guenther, A., Lamarque, J., Mieville, A., Muller, J., Olivier, J., Orlando, J., Peters, J., Petron, G., Tyndall, G., and Wallens, S.: POET, a database of surface emissions of ozone precursors, available at: http://www.aero.jussieu.fr/projet/ACCENT/POET.php, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="25" content_type="text"> Grell, G., Peckham, S., Schmitz, R., McKeen, S., Frost, G., Skamarock, W., and Eder, B.: Fully coupled &quot;online&quot; chemistry within the WRF model, Atmos. Environ., 39, 6957â€“6976, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="26" content_type="text"> Guenther, A., Karl, T., Harley, P., Wiedinmyer, C., Palmer, P. I., and Geron, C.: Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3181â€“3210, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="27" content_type="text"> Hack, J J.: Parameterization of moist convection in the NCAR community climate model (CCM2), J. Geophys. Res., 99, 5551â€“5568, 1994. </reference>
		<reference numeration="28" content_type="text"> Hess, M., Koepke, P., and Schult, I.: Optical Properties of Aerosols and Clouds: The software package OPAC, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 79, 831â€“844, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="29" content_type="text"> Holstlag, A. and Boville, B A.: Local versus nonlocal boundary-layer diffusion in a global climate model, J. Climate, 6, 1825â€“1842, 1993. </reference>
		<reference numeration="30" content_type="text"> Horowitz, L., Walters, S., Mauzerall, D., Emmons, L., Rasch, P., Granier, C., Tie, X., Lamarque, J.-F., Schultz, M., Tyndall, G., Orlando, J., and Brasseur, G.: A global simulation of tropospheric ozone and related tracers: Description and evaluation of MOZART, version~2, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4784, \doi10.1029/2002JD002853, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="31" content_type="text"> Horowitz, L W., Fiore, A M., Milly, G P., Cohen, R C., Perring, A., Wooldridge, P J., Hess, P G., Emmons, L K., and Lamarque, J.-F.: Observational constraints on the chemistry of isoprene nitrates over the eastern United States, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D12S08, \doi10.1029/2006JD007747, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="32" content_type="text"> IPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Emisson Scenarios, A Special Report of IPCC Working Group III, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="33" content_type="text"> Jacob, D J.: Heterogeneous chemistry and tropospheric ozone, Atmos. Environ., 34, 2131â€“2159, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="34" content_type="text"> Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., et~al.: The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project, B. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 77, 437â€“471, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="35" content_type="text"> Kinnison, D., Brasseur, G. P., Walters, S., et~al.: Sensitivity of chemical tracers to meteorological parameters in the MOZART-3 chemical transport model, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D20302, \doi10.1029/2006JD007879, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="36" content_type="text"> Kistler, R., Kalnay, E., Collins, W., et~al.: The NCEP-NCAR 50-Year Reanalysis: Monthly Means CD-ROM and Documentation, B. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 82, 247â€“267, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="37" content_type="text"> Kloster, S., Feichter, J., Maier-Reimer, E., Six, K. D., Stier, P., and Wetzel, P.: DMS cycle in the marine ocean-atmosphere system - a global model study, Biogeosciences, 3, 29â€“51, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="38" content_type="text"> Laepple, T., Schultz, M., Lamarque, J.-F., Madronich, S., Shetter, R., Lefer, B., and Atlas, E.: Improved albedo formulation for chemistry transport models based on satellite observations and assimilated snow data and its impact on tropospheric photochemistry, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D11308, \doi10.1029/2004JD005463, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="39" content_type="text"> Lamarque, J.-F., Kiehl, J T., Hess, P G., Collins, W D., Emmons, L K., Ginoux, P., Luo, C., and Tie, X X.: Response of a coupled chemistry-climate model to changes in aerosol emissions: Global impact on the hydrological cycle and the tropospheric burdens of OH, ozone and NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L16809, doi:10.1029/2005GL023419, 2005b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="40" content_type="text"> Lapina, K., Honrath, R E., Owen, R C., Mart\&apos;\in, M V., and Pfister, G.: Evidence of significant large-scale impacts of boreal fires on ozone levels in the midlatitude Northern Hemisphere free troposphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L10815, \doi10.1029/2006GL025878, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="41" content_type="text"> Lawrence, M. G., J\&quot;öckel, P., and von Kuhlmann, R.: What does the global mean OH concentration tell us?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 1, 37â€“49, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="42" content_type="text"> Lawrence, P J. and Chase, T.: Representing a new MODIS consistent land surface in the Community Land Model (CLM~3.0), J. Geophys. Res., 112, G01023, \doiG0102310.1029/2006JG000168, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="43" content_type="text"> Lin, S J. and Rood, R B.: Multidimensional flux-form semi-Lagrangian transport scheme, Mon. Weather Rev., 124, 2046â€“2070, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="44" content_type="text"> Mahowald, N., Lamarque, J.-F., Tie, X., and Wolff, E.: Sea salt aerosol response to climate change: last glacial maximum, pre-industrial and doubled carbon dioxide climates, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D05303, \doi10.1029/2005JD006459, 2006a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="45" content_type="text"> Mahowald, N M., Muhs, D R., Levis, S., Rasch, P J., Yoshioka, M., Zender, C S., and Luo, C.: Change in atmospheric mineral aerosols in response to climate: Last glacial period, preindustrial, modern, and doubled carbon dioxide climates, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D10202, \doi10.1029/2005JD006653, 2006b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="46" content_type="text"> McLinden, C., Olsen, S., Hannegan, B., Wild, O., and Prather, M.: Stratospheric ozone in 3-D models: A simple chemistry and the cross-tropopause flux, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 14653â€“14665, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="47" content_type="text"> Mena-Carrasco, M., Carmichael, G. R., Campbell, J. E., Zimmerman, D., Tang, Y., Adhikary, B., D&apos;allura, A., Molina, L. T., Zavala, M., GarcÃ­a, A., Flocke, F., Campos, T., Weinheimer, A. J., Shetter, R., Apel, E., Montzka, D. D., Knapp, D. J., and Zheng, W.: Assessing the regional impacts of Mexico City emissions on air quality and chemistry, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 3731â€“3743, 2009. </reference>
		<reference numeration="48" content_type="text"> Metzger, S., Dentener, F., Pandis, S., and Lelieveld, J.: Gas/aerosol partitioning: 1. A computationally efficient model, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D16), 4312, \doi10.1029/2001JD001102, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="49" content_type="text"> Mortlock, A. and Alstyne, R V.: Military, Charter, Unreported Domestic Traffic and General Aviation: 1976, 1984, 1992, and 2015 Emission Scenarios, NASA CR-1998-207639, available at: http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19980047346_1998120131.pdf, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="50" content_type="text"> Novelli, P C., Masarie, K., and Lang, P.: Molecular hydrogen in the troposphere: Global distributions and budget, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 30427â€“30444, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="51" content_type="text"> Novelli, P C., Masarie, K., Lang, P., Hall, B., Myers, R., and Elkins, J.: Re-analysis of tropospheric CO trends: Effects of the 1997â€“1998 wildfires, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4464, \doi10.1029/2002JD003031, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="52" content_type="text"> Ohara, T., Akimoto, H., Kurokawa, J., Horii, N., Yamaji, K., Yan, X., and Hayasaka, T.: An Asian emission inventory of anthropogenic emission sources for the period 1980–2020, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4419â€“4444, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="53" content_type="text"> Olivier, J. and Berdowski, J.: Global emissions sources and sinks, in: The Climate System, edited by: Berdowski, J., Guicherit, R., and Heij, B. J., A.\ A Balkema Publishers/Swets, Zeitlinger Publishers, Lisse, The Netherlands, 33â€“78, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="54" content_type="text"> Olivier, J., J Peters, J., Granier, C., Petron, G., MÃ¼ller, J., and Wallens, S.: Present and future surface emissions of atmospheric compounds, POET report #2, EU project EVK2-1999-00011, prefixhttp://www.aero.jussieu.fr/projet/ACCENT/POET.php, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="55" content_type="text"> Pfister, G., Hess, P., Emmons, L., Lamarque, J.-F., Wiedinmyer, C., Edwards, D., PÃ©tron, G., Gille, J., and Sachse, G.: Quantifying CO emissions from the 2004 Alaskan wildfires using MOPITT CO data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L11809, \doi10.1029/2005GL022995, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="56" content_type="text"> Pfister, G G., Emmons, L K., Hess, P G., Honrath, R., et~al.: Ozone production from the 2004 North American boreal fires, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D24S07, \doi10.1029/2006JD007695, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="57" content_type="text"> Pfister, G G., Emmons, L K., Hess, P G., Lamarque, J.-F., Orlando, J J., Walters, S., Guenther, A., Palmer, P I., and Lawrence, P J.: Contribution of isoprene to chemical budgets: A model tracer study with the NCAR CTM MOZART-4, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D05308, \doi10.1029/2007JD008948, 2008a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="58" content_type="text"> Pfister, G G., Emmons, L K., Hess, P G., Lamarque, J.-F., Thompson, A M., and Yorks, J E.: Analysis of the Summer 2004 ozone budget over the United States using Intercontinental Transport Experiment Ozonesonde Network Study (IONS) observations and Model of Ozone and Related Tracers (MOZART-4) simulations, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D23306, \doi10.1029/2008JD010190, 2008b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="59" content_type="text"> Pfister, G G., Edwards, D. P., Emmons, L. K., Arellano, A. A., Sachse, G., and Campos, T.: Transpacific pollution transport during INTEX-B: spring 2006 in context to previous years, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., in press, 2009. </reference>
		<reference numeration="60" content_type="text"> Pickering, K., Wang, Y., Tao, W.-K., Price, C., and Muller, J.-F.: Vertical distributions of lightning NOx for use in regional and global transport models, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 31203â€“31216, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="61" content_type="text"> Price, C. and Rind, D.: A simple lightning parameterization for calculating global lightning distributions, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 9919â€“9933, \doi10.1029/92JD00719, 1992. </reference>
		<reference numeration="62" content_type="text"> Price, C., Penner, J., and Prather, M.: NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; from lightning 1. Global distribution based on lightning physics, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 5929â€“5941, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="63" content_type="text"> Rasch, P J., Mahowald, N M., and Eaton, B E.: Representations of transport, convection, and the hydrologic cycle in chemical transport models: Implications for the modeling of short-lived and soluble species, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 28127â€“28138, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="64" content_type="text"> Ridley, B., Pickering, K., and Dye, J.: Comments on the parameterization of lightning-produced NO in global chemistry-transport models, Atmos. Environ., 39, 6184â€“6187, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="65" content_type="text"> Sander, S., Friedl, R R., Ravishankara, A R., et~al.: Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Atmospheric Studies, Evaluation Number 14, JPL Publication 02-25, NASA, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="66" content_type="text"> Sanderson, M., Collins, W., Derwent, R., and Johnson, C.: Simulation of global hydrogen levels using a lagrangian three-dimensional model, J. Atmos. Chem., 46, 15â€“28, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="67" content_type="text"> Seinfeld, J H.: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics of Air Pollution, Wiley, New York, 1986. </reference>
		<reference numeration="68" content_type="text"> Shindell, D T., Faluvegi, G., Stevenson, D., et~al.: Multimodel simulations of carbon monoxide: Comparison with observations and projected near-future changes, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D19306, \doi10.1029/2006JD007100, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="69" content_type="text"> Simmons, A. and Gibson, J.: The ERA-40 project plan, in: ERA-40 Project Report Series, Tech. Rep. 1, Eur. Cent. For Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="70" content_type="text"> Singh, H. B., Brune, W. H., Crawford, J. H., Flocke, F., and Jacob, D. J.: Chemistry and transport of pollution over the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific: spring 2006 INTEX-B campaign overview and first results, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 2301â€“2318, 2009. </reference>
		<reference numeration="71" content_type="text"> SPARC: Report No 4, Assessment of Stratospheric Aerosol Properties, WCRP-124, WMO/TD-No 1295, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="72" content_type="text"> Spivakovsky, C M., Logan, J A., Montzka, S A., Balkanski, Y J., et~al.: Three-dimensional climatological distribution of tropospheric OH: Update and evaluation, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 8931â€“8980, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="73" content_type="text"> Stevenson, D. S., Dentener, F., Schultz, M., et~al.: Multimodel ensemble simulations of present-day and near-future tropospheric ozone, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D08301, \doi10.1029/2005JD006338, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="74" content_type="text"> Sutkus, D., Baughcum, S., and DuBois, D.: Scheduled Civil Aircraft Emission Inventories for 1999: Database Development and Analysis, NASA/CR-2001-211216, available at: http://gltrs.grc.nasa.gov/reports/2001/CR-2001-211216.pdf, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="75" content_type="text"> Tang, I N. and Munkelwitz, H R.: Water activities, densities and refractive indices of aqueous sulfates and sodium nitrate droplets of atmospheric importance, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 18801â€“18808, 1994. </reference>
		<reference numeration="76" content_type="text"> Tang, Y., Lee, P., Tsidulko, M., et~al.: The impact of chemical lateral boundary conditions on CMAQ predictions of tropospheric ozone over the continental United States, Environ. Fluid Mech., 9, 43â€“58, 2009. </reference>
		<reference numeration="77" content_type="text"> Tang, Y H., Carmichael, G R., Thongboonchoo, N., Chai, T F., Horowitz, L W., Pierce, R., Al-Saadi, J A., Pfister, G., Vukovich, J M., Avery, M A., Sachse, G W., Ryerson, T B., Holloway, J S., Atlas, E L., Flocke, F M., Weber, R J., Huey, L G., Dibb, J E., Streets, D., and Brune, W H.: Influence of lateral and top boundary conditions on regional air quality prediction: A multiscale study coupling regional and global chemical transport models, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D10S18, \doi10.1029/2006JD007515, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="78" content_type="text"> Teklemariam, T. and Sparks, J.: Gaseous fluxes of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) into plant leaves, Plant Cell Envrion., 27, 1149â€“1158, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="79" content_type="text"> Thompson, A., Witte, J., McPeters, R., Oltmans, S., et~al.: Southern Hemisphere Additional Ozonesondes (SHADOZ) 1998-2000 tropical ozone climatology 1. Comparison with Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) and ground-based measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8238, \doi10.1029/2001JD000967, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="80" content_type="text"> Tie, X., Brasseur, G., Emmons, L., Horowitz, L., and Kinnision, D.: Effects of aerosols on tropospheric oxidants: A global model study, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 2931â€“2964, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="81" content_type="text"> Tie, X., Madronich, S., Walters, S., Rasch, P., and Collins, W.: Effect of clouds on photolysis and oxidants in the troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4642, \doi10.1029/2003JD003659, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="82" content_type="text"> Tie, X., Madronich, S., Walters, S., Edwards, D., Ginoux, P., Mahowald, N., Zhang, R., Luo, C., and Brasseur, G.: Assessment of the global impact of aerosols on tropospheric oxidants, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D03204, \doi10.1029/2004JD005359, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="83" content_type="text"> Toon, O B., Pollack, J B., and Khare, B N.: The optical constants of several atmospheric aerosol species: ammonium sulfate, aluminum oxide and sodium chloride, J. Geophys. Res., 81, 5733â€“5744, 1976. </reference>
		<reference numeration="84" content_type="text"> Turnipseed, A., Huey, G., Nemitz, E., Stickel, R., Higgs, J., Tanner, D. and Slusher, D., Sparks, J., Flocke, F., and Guenther, A.: Eddy covariance fluxes of peroxyacyl nitrates (PANs) and NOy to a coniferous forest, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D09304, \doi10.1029/2005JD006631, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="85" content_type="text"> van der Werf, G. R., Randerson, J. T., Giglio, L., Collatz, G. J., Kasibhatla, P. S., and Arellano Jr., A. F.: Interannual variability in global biomass burning emissions from 1997 to 2004, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3423â€“3441, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="86" content_type="text"> Van~Noije, T., Eskes, H., van Weele, M., and van Velthoven, P.: Implications of the enhanced Brewer-Dobson circulation in European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts reanalysis ERA-40 for the stratosphere-troposphere exchange of ozone in global chemistry transport models, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D19308, \doi10.1029/2004JD004586, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="87" content_type="text"> Walmsley, J. and Wesely, M.: Modification of coded parametrizations of surface resistances to gaseous dry deposition, Atmos. Environ., 30, 1181â€“1188, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="88" content_type="text"> Wesely, M.: Parameterization of surface resistances to gaseous dry deposition in regional-scale numerical models, Atmos. Environ., 23, 1293â€“1304, 1989. </reference>
		<reference numeration="89" content_type="text"> Wesely, M. and Hicks, B.: A review of the current status of knowledge on dry deposition, Atmos. Environ., 34, 2261â€“2282, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="90" content_type="text"> Yienger, J. and Levy, H.: Empirical model of global soil biogenic NO$_\rm x$ emissions, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 11447â€“11464, 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="91" content_type="text"> Yonemura, S., Kawashima, S., and Tsuruta, H.: Carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and methane uptake by soils in a temperate arable field and a forest, J. Geophys. Res., 105, \mbox14347â€“14362, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="92" content_type="text"> Zender, C S., Bian, H., and Newman, D.: Mineral Dust Entrainment and Deposition (DEAD) model: Description and 1990s dust climatology, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4416, \doi10.1029/2002JD002775, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="93" content_type="text"> Zhang, G J. and MacFarlane, N A.: Sensitivity of climate simulations to the parameterization of cumulus convection in the Canadian climate centre general circulation model, Atmos. Ocean, 33, 407â€“446, 1995. </reference>
	</references>
</article>

