Geoscientific Model Development Discussions www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net 1991-9611 1991-962X 2 1 2009 10.5194/gmdd-2-209-2009 http://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/2/209/2009/ http://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/2/209/2009/gmdd-2-209-2009.html http://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/2/209/2009/gmdd-2-209-2009.pdf 209 246 2009-03-09 Aerosol microphysics modules in the framework of the ECHAM5 climate model – intercomparison under stratospheric conditions H. Kokkola harri.kokkola@fmi.fi R. Hommel J. Kazil U. Niemeier A.-I. Partanen J. Feichter C. Timmreck Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany Finnish Meteorological Institute, Kuopio, Finland Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland Centre for Atmospheric Science, Cambridge Univ., Department of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK University of Kuopio, Department of Physics, Finland In this manuscript, we present an intercomparison of three different aerosol microphysics modules that are implemented in the climate model ECHAM5. The comparison was done between the modal aerosol microphysics module M7, which is currently the default aerosol microphysical core in ECHAM5, and two sectional aerosol microphysics modules SALSA, and SAM2. A detailed aerosol microphycical model MAIA was used as a reference model to evaluate the results of the aerosol microphysics modules with respect to sulphate aerosol. <br><br> The ability of the modules to describe the development of the aerosol size distribution was tested in a zero dimensional framework. We evaluated the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches under different types of stratospheric conditions. Also, we present an improved method for the time integration in M7 and study how the setup of the modal approach affects the evolution of the aerosol size distribution. <br><br> Intercomparison simulations were carried out with varying SO₂ concentrations from background conditions to extreme values arising from stratospheric injections of large volcanic eruptions. Under background conditions, all microphysics modules were in good agreement describing the shape of the size distribution but the scatter between the model results increased with increasing SO₂ concentrations. In particular for the volcanic case the module setups have to be redefined to be applied in global model simulations capturing respective sulphate particle formation events. <br><br> Summarized, this intercomparison serves as a review on the different aerosol microphysics modules which are currently available for the climate model ECHAM5. Adams, P J. and Seinfeld, J H.: Predicting global aerosol size distributions in general circulation models, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, 4–1, \doi10.1029/2001JD001010, 2002. Brock, C., Jonsson, H., Wilson, J., Dye, J., Baumgardner, D., Borrmann, S., Pitts, M., Osborn, M., DeCoursey, R., and Woods, D.: Relationships between optical extinction, backscatter and aerosol surface and volume in the stratosphere following the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 2555–2558, 1993. Brown, P N., Byrne, G D., and Hindmarsh, A C.: VODE, A Variable- Coefficient ODE Solver, SIAM J. Sci. Stat. Comput., 10, 1038–1051, 1989. Chen, Y. and Penner, J. E.: Uncertainty analysis for estimates of the first indirect aerosol effect, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2935–2948, 2005. Chlond, A.: Locally modified version of Bott's advection scheme, Mon. Weather Rev., 122, 111–125, 1994. Clegg, S L., Rard, J A., and Pitzer, K S.: Thermodynamic properties of 0-6 mol kg^&minus;1 aqueous sulfuric acid from 273.15 to 328.15 K, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 90, 1875–1894, \doi10.1039/FT9949001875, 1994. Crutzen, P J.: Albedo Enhancement by Stratospheric Sulfur Injections: A Contribution to Resolve a Policy Dilemma?, Climatic Change, 77, 211–220, \doi10.1007/s10584-006-9101-y, http://www.springerlink.com/content/t1vn75m458373h63, 2006. Curtius, J., Froyd, K D., and Lovejoy, E R.: Cluster ion thermal decomposition (I): Experimental kinetics study and ab initio calculations for HSO$_4^-$(H$_2^$SO$_4^$)$_(x)^$(HNO$_3^$)$_(y)^$, J. Phys. Chem. A, 105, 10 867–10 873, 2001. Dubovik, O., Smirnov, A., Holben, B N., King, M D., Kaufman, Y J., Eck, T F., and Slutsker, I.: Accuracy assessments of aerosol optical properties retrieved from Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) Sun and sky radiance measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 9791–9806, 2000. Dusek, U., Frank, G P., Hildebrandt, L., Curtius, J., Schneider, J., Walter, S., Chand, D., Drewnick, F., Hings, S., Jung, D., Borrmann, S., and Andreae, M O.: Size Matters More Than Chemistry for Cloud-Nucleating Ability of Aerosol Particles, Science, 312, 1375–1378, \doi10.1126/science.1125261, http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/312/5778/1375, 2006. Fleming, J R.: Historical Perspectives on Climate Change, Oxford University Press, New York, 1998. Froyd, K D. and Lovejoy, E R.: Experimental Thermodynamics of Cluster Ions Composed of H$_2^$SO$_4^$ and H$_2^$O. 1. Positive Ions, J. Phys. Chem. A, 107, 9800–9811, 2003a. Froyd, K D. and Lovejoy, E R.: Experimental Thermodynamics of Cluster Ions Composed of H$_2^$SO$_4^$ and H$_2^$O. 2. Measurements and ab Initio Structures of Negative Ions, J. Phys. Chem. A, 107, 9812–9824, 2003b. Fuchs, N A.: The Mechanics of Aerosols, Macmillan, 1964. Gelbard, F., Tambour, Y., and Seinfeld, J H.: Sectional representations for simulating aerosol dynamics, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 76, 541–556, 1980. Ghan, S., Laulainen, N., Easter, R., Wagener, R., Nemesure, S., Chapman, E., Zhang, Y., and Leung, R.: Evaluation of aerosol direct radiative forcing in MIRAGE, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 5295–5316, 2001. Ghan, S J. and Schwartz, S E.: Aerosol properties and processes: A path from field and laboratory measurements to global climate models, Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc., 88(7), 1059–1083, \doi10.1175/BAMS-88-7-1059, 2007. Giauque, W F., Hornung, E W., Kunzler, J E., and Rubin, T T.: The thermodynamic properties of aqueous sulfuric acid solutions and hydrates from 15 to 300 K, Am. Chem. Soc. J., 82, 62–70, 1960. Guo, S., Rose, W I., Bluth, G. J S., and Watson, I M.: Particles in the great Pinatubo volcanic cloud of June 1991: The role of ice, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 5, Q05003, \doi10.1029/2003GC000655, 2004. Hamill, P., Toon, O B., and Kiang, C S.: Microphysical processes affecting stratospheric aerosol particles, J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 1104–1119, 1977. Hanson, D R. and Lovejoy, E R.: Measurement of the thermodynamics of the hydrated dimer and trimer of sulfuric acid, J. Phys. Chem. A, 110, 9525–9528, \doi10.1021/jp062844w, 2006. Hommel, R.: Die Variabilität von stratosphärischem Hintergrund-Aerosol. Eine Untersuchung mit dem globalen sektionalen Aerosolmodell MAECHAM5-SAM2, Ph.D. thesis, Universität Hamburg, 2008. IPCC: Climate Change 2007: The scientific basis. Contribution of working group I to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2007. Jacobson, M Z.: Developing, coupling and applying a gas, aerosol, transport and radiation model to study urban and regional air pollution, Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, 1994. Jacobson, M Z.: GATOR-GCMM: A global through urban scale air pollution and weather forecast model. 1. Model design and treatment of subgrid soil, vegetation, roads, rooftops, water, sea ice, and snow, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 5385–5402, 2001. Jacobson, M Z.: Fundamentals of Atmospheric Modeling, Second Edition, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2005. Kazil, J. and Lovejoy, E. R.: A semi-analytical method for calculating rates of new sulfate aerosol formation from the gas phase, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 3447–3459, 2007. Kazil, J., Lovejoy, E. R., Jensen, E. J., and Hanson, D. R.: Is aerosol formation in cirrus clouds possible?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1407–1413, 2007. Kerminen, V M. and Kulmala, M.: Analytical formulae connecting the "real" and the "apparent" nucleation rate and the nuclei number concentration for atmospheric nucleation events, J. Aerosol Sci., 33, 609–622, 2002. Kokkola, H., Korhonen, H., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Makkonen, R., Asmi, A., Järvenoja, S., Anttila, T., Partanen, A.-I., Kulmala, M., Järvinen, H., Laaksonen, A., and Kerminen, V.-M.: SALSA – a Sectional Aerosol module for Large Scale Applications, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 2469–2483, 2008. Lauer, A., Hendricks, J., Ackermann, I., Schell, B., Hass, H., and Metzger, S.: Simulating aerosol microphysics with the ECHAM/MADE GCM – Part I: Model description and comparison with observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 3251–3276, 2005. Le Treut, H., Somerville, R., Cubasch, U., Ding, Y., Mauritzen, C., Mokssit, A., Peterson, T., and Prather, M.: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H. L., chap. Historical Overview of Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 2007. Liao, H. and Seinfeld, J.: Global impacts of gas-phase chemistry-aerosol interactions on direct radiative forcing by anthropogenic aerosols and ozone, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D18208, \doi10.1029/2005JD005907, 2005. Liu, H Q., Pinker, R T., and Holben, B N.: A global view of aerosols from merged transport models, satellite, and ground observations, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D10S15, \doi10.1029/2004JD004695, 2005. Lovejoy, E R. and Curtius, J.: Cluster ion thermal decomposition (II): Master equation modeling in the low pressure limit and fall-off regions. Bond energies for HSO$_4^-$(H₂SO₄)$_x$(HNO₃)$_y$, J. Phys. Chem. A, 105, 10874–10883, 2001. Lovejoy, E R., Curtius, J., and Froyd, K D.: Atmospheric ion-induced nucleation of sulfuric acid and water, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D08204, \doi10.1029/2003JD004460, 2004. Rasch, P J., Crutzen, P J., and Coleman, D B.: Exploring the geoengineering of climate using stratospheric sulfate aerosols: The role of particle size, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, 2809, \doi10.1029/2007GL032179, 2008. Rasch, P J., Tilmes, S., Turco, R P., Robock, A., Oman, L., Chen, C.-C., Stenchikov, G L., and Garcia, R R.: An overview of geoengineering of climate using stratospheric sulfate aerosols, Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. A, \doi10.1098/rsta.2008.0131, 2008. Read, W G., Froidevaux, L., and Waters, J W.: Microwave limb sounder measurement of stratospheric SO₂ from the Mount Pinatubo volcano, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 1299–1302, 1993. Reddy, M S., Boucher, O., Bellouin, N., Schulz, M., Balkanski, Y., Dufresne, J. L., and Pham, M.: Estimates of global multicomponent aerosol optical depth and direct radiative perturbation in the Laboratoire de Meteorologie Dynamique general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res., 110(D10), D10S16, \doi10.1029/2004JD004757, 2005. Rodriguez, M. and Dabdub, D J.: IMAGES-SCAPE2: A modeling study of size and chemically resolved aerosol thermodynamics in a global chemical transport model, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D02203, \doi10.1029/2003JD003639, 2004. Roeckner, E., Bäuml, G., Bonaventura, L., Brokopf, R., Esch, M., Giorgetta, M., Hagemann, S., Kirchner, I., Kornblueh, L., Manzini, E., Rhodin, A., Schlese, U., Schulzweida, U., and Tompkins, A.: The atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM5. PART I: Model description, MPI-Report, 349, 127 pp., 2003. Russell, P B., Livingston, J M., Pueschel, R F., Bauman, J J., Pollack, J B., Brooks, S L., Hamill, P., Thomason, L W., Stowe, L L., Deshler, T., Dutton, E G., and Bergstrom, R W.: Global to microscale evolution of the Pinatubo volcanic aerosol, derived from diverse measurements and analyses, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 18745–18763, 1996. Seinfeld, J H. and Pandis, S N.: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1998. Spalding, D B.: A novel finite–difference formulation for differential expressions involving both first and second derivatives, Int. J. Num. Methods, 4, 551–559, 1972. Spracklen, D. V., Pringle, K. J., Carslaw, K. S., Chipperfield, M. P., and Mann, G. W.: A global off-line model of size-resolved aerosol microphysics: II. Identification of key uncertainties, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 3233–3250, 2005. Stier, P., Feichter, J., Kinne, S., Kloster, S., Vignati, E., Wilson, J., Ganzeveld, L., Tegen, I., Werner, M., Balkanski, Y., Schulz, M., Boucher, O., Minikin, A., and Petzold, A.: The aerosol-climate model ECHAM5-HAM, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1125–1156, 2005. Thomason, L. W., Burton, S. P., Luo, B.-P., and Peter, T.: SAGE II measurements of stratospheric aerosol properties at non-volcanic levels, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 983–995, 2008. Timmreck, C.: Three-dimensional simulation of stratospheric background aerosol: First results of a multiannual GCM simulation, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 28313–28332, 2001. Timmreck, C. and Graf, H.-F.: A microphysical model to simulate the development of stratospheric aerosol in a GCM, Meteorol. Zeitschr., 9, 263–282, 2000. Timmreck, C., Graf, H.-F., and Steil, B.: vol. 139, chap. Aerosol chemistry interactions after the Mt. Pinatubo eruption, AGU Monograph, 139, 214–225, 2003. Twomey, S.: Pollution and the planetary albedo, Atmos. Environ., 8, 1251–1256, 1974. Vehkamäki, H., Kulmala, M., Napari, I., Lehtinen, K. E J., Timmreck, C., Noppel, M., and Laaksonen, A.: An improved parameterization for sulfuric acid-water nucleation rates for tropospheric and stratospheric conditions, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D22), AAC3.1–AAC3.10, \doi10.1029/2002JD002184, 2002. Vignati, E., Wilson, J., and Stier, P.: M7: An efficient size-resolved aerosol microphysics module for large-scale aerosol transport models, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D22202, \doi10.1029/2003JD004485, 2004. Weart, S.: The Discovery of Global Warming, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 2003. Wilson, J. and Raes, F.: M3 a multi modal model for aerosol dynamics, Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols, 458–461, 1996. Wilson, J., Cuvelier, C., and Raes, F.: A modeling study of global mixed aerosol fields, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 34081–34108, 2001. WMO/SPARC: WMO/SPARC Scientific Assessment of Stratospheric Aerosol Properties (ASAP), Tech. rep., 2006. Zhang, Y., Easter, R C., Ghan, S J., and Abdul-Razzak, H.: Impact of aerosol size representation on modeling aerosol-cloud interactions, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4558, \doi10.1029/2001JD001549, 2002.