<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "http://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/inc/gmdd/copernicus.dtd">
<article language="en">
	<journal>
		<journal_title>Geoscientific Model Development Discussions</journal_title>
		<journal_url>www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net</journal_url>
		<issn>1991-9611</issn>
		<eissn>1991-962X</eissn>
		<volume_number>2</volume_number>
		<issue_number>2</issue_number>
		<publication_year>2009</publication_year>
	</journal>
	<doi>10.5194/gmdd-2-709-2009</doi>
	<article_url>http://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/2/709/2009/</article_url>
	<abstract_html>http://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/2/709/2009/gmdd-2-709-2009.html</abstract_html>
	<fulltext_pdf>http://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/2/709/2009/gmdd-2-709-2009.pdf</fulltext_pdf>
	<start_page>709</start_page>
	<end_page>762</end_page>
	<publication_date>2009-07-03</publication_date>
	<article_title content_type="html">The Lagrangian chemistry and transport model ATLAS: validation of transport and mixing</article_title>
	<authors>
		<author numeration="1" affiliations="1">
			<name>I. Wohltmann</name>
			<email>ingo.wohltmann@awi.de</email>
		</author>
		<author numeration="2" affiliations="1">
			<name>M. Rex</name>
		</author>
	</authors>
	<affiliations>
		<affiliation numeration="1" content_type="html">Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany</affiliation>
	</affiliations>
	<abstract content_type="html">We present a new global Chemical Transport Model (CTM) with full
      stratospheric chemistry and Lagrangian transport and mixing called
      ATLAS (Alfred Wegener InsTitute LAgrangian Chemistry/Transport
      System).  Lagrangian (trajectory-based) models have several important
      advantages over conventional Eulerian (grid-based) models, including
      the absence of spurious numerical diffusion, efficient code
      parallelization and no limitation of the largest time step by the
      Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy criterion. The basic concept of transport and
      mixing is similar to the approach in the commonly used CLaMS
      model. Several aspects of the model are different from CLaMS and are
      introduced and validated here, including a different mixing algorithm
      which is less diffusive and agrees better with observations with the
      same mixing parameters. In addition, values for the vertical and
      horizontal stratospheric bulk diffusion coefficients are inferred and
      compared to other studies.  This work focusses on the description of
      the dynamical part of the model and the validation of the mixing
      algorithm. The overall model including the chemistry module, which
      contains 49 species, 170 reactions and a detailed treatment of
      heterogeneous chemistry, will be presented in a separate paper.</abstract>
	<references>
		<reference numeration="1" content_type="text"> Balluch,~M G. and Haynes,~P H.: Quantification of lower stratospheric mixing processes using aircraft data, J Geophys. Res., 102, 23487–23504, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="2" content_type="text"> Collins,~W J., Stevenson,~D S., Johnson,~C E., and Derwent,~R G.: Tropospheric ozone in a~global-scale three-dimensional Lagrangian model and its response to NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; emission controls, J Atmos. Chem., 26, 223–274, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="3" content_type="text"> Fairlie,~T D., Pierce,~R B., Al-Saadi,~J A., Grose,~W L., Russell III,~J M., Proffitt,~M H., and Webster,~C R.: The contribution of mixing in Lagrangian photochemical predictions of polar ozone loss over the Arctic in summer 1997, J Geophys. Res., 104, 26597–26609, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="4" content_type="text"> Fukao,~S., Yamanaka,~M D., Ao,~N., Hocking,~W K., Sato,~T., Yamamoto,~M., Nakamura,~T., Tsuda,~T., and Kato,~S.: Seasonal variability of vertical eddy diffusivity in the middle atmosphere. 1. Three-year observations by the middle and upper atmosphere radar, J Geophys. Res., 99, 18973–18987, 1994. </reference>
		<reference numeration="5" content_type="text"> Grooß,~J.-U. and Russell III,~J M.: Technical note: A~stratospheric climatology for \chemO_3, \chemH_2O, \chemCH_4, NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;, HCl and HF derived from HALOE measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2797–2807, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="6" content_type="text"> Haynes,~P. and Anglade,~J.: The vertical scale cascade in atmospheric tracers due to large-scale differential advection, J Atmos. Sci., 54, 1121–1136, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="7" content_type="text"> Haynes,~P. and Shuckburgh,~E.: Effective diffusivity as a~diagnostic of atmospheric transport, J Geophys. Res., 105, 22777–22794, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="8" content_type="text"> Haynes,~P. and Vanneste,~J.: Stratospheric tracer spectra, J Atmos. Sci., 61, 161–178, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="9" content_type="text"> Konopka,~P., Grooß,~J.-U., Günther,~G., McKenna,~D S., and Müller,~R.: Weak impact of mixing on chlorine deactivation during SOLVE/THESEO 2000: Lagrangian modeling (CLaMS) versus ER-2 in situ observations, J Geophys. Res., 108, 8324, doi:10.1029/2001JD000876, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="10" content_type="text"> Konopka,~P., Steinhorst,~H.-M., Grooß,~J.-U., Günther,~G., Müller,~R., Elkins,~J W., Jost,~H.-J., Richard,~E., Schmidt,~U., Toon,~G., and McKenna,~D S.: Mixing and ozone loss in the 1999–2000 Arctic vortex: Simulations with the three-dimensional Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS), J Geophys. Res., 109, D02315, doi:10.1029/2003JD003792, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="11" content_type="text"> Konopka,~P., Spang,~R., Günther,~G., Müller,~R., McKenna,~D S., Offermann,~D., and Riese,~M.: How homogeneous and isotropic is stratospheric mixing? Comparison of CRISTA-1 observations with transport studies based on the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS), Quart. J Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 131, 565–579, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="12" content_type="text"> Konopka,~P., Günther,~G., Müller,~R., dos Santos,~F H S., Schiller,~C., Ravegnani,~F., Ulanovsky,~A., Schlager,~H., Volk,~C M., Viciani,~S., Pan,~L L., McKenna,~D S., and Riese,~M.: Contribution of mixing to upward transport across the tropical tropopause layer (TTL), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 3285–3308, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="13" content_type="text"> Legras,~B., Pisso,~I., Berthet,~G., and Lefèvre,~F.: Variability of the Lagrangian turbulent diffusion in the lower stratosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1605–1622, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="14" content_type="text"> Loewenstein,~M., Jost,~H., Grose,~J., Eilers,~J., Lynch,~D., Jensen,~S., and Marmie,~J.: Argus: a~new instrument for the measurement of the stratospheric dynamical tracers, \chemN_2O and \chemCH_4, Spectrochim. Acta A, 58, 2329–2345, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="15" content_type="text"> Massie,~S T. and Hunten,~D M.: Stratospheric eddy diffusion coefficients from tracer data, J Geophys. Res., 86, 9859–9868, 1981. </reference>
		<reference numeration="16" content_type="text"> McKenna,~D S., Konopka,~P., Grooß,~J.-U., Günther,~G., Müller,~R., Spang,~R., Offermann,~D., and Orsolini,~Y.: A~new Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS) 1. Formulation of advection and mixing, J Geophys. Res., 107, 4309, doi:10.1029/2000JD000114, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="17" content_type="text"> Newman,~P., Harris,~N R P., Adriani,~A., Amanatidis,~G T., Anderson,~J G., Braathen,~G O., Brune,~W H., Carslaw,~K S., Craig,~M S., DeCola,~P L., Guirlet,~M., Hipskind,~R S., Kurylo,~M J., Küllmann,~H., Larsen,~N., Mégie,~G J., Pommereau,~J.-P., Poole,~L R., Schoeberl,~M R., Stroh,~F., Toon,~O B., Trepte,~C R., and Roozendael,~M V.: An overview of the SOLVE-THESEO 2000 campaign, J Geophys. Res., 107, 8259, doi:10.1029/2001JD001303, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="18" content_type="text"> O&apos;Rourke,~J.: Computational Geometry in C, Cambridge University Press, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="19" content_type="text"> Prather,~M J.: Numerical advection by conservation of second-order moments, J Geophys. Res., 91, 6671–6681, 1986. </reference>
		<reference numeration="20" content_type="text"> Ray,~E A., Moore,~F L., Elkins,~J W., Hurst,~D F., Romashkin,~P A., Dutton,~G S., and Fahey,~D W.: Descent and mixing in the 1999–2000 northern polar vortex inferred from in situ tracer measurements, J Geophys. Res., 107, 8285, doi:10.1029/2001JD000961, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="21" content_type="text"> Reithmeier,~C. and Sausen,~R.: ATTILA: Atmospheric tracer transport in a~Lagrangian model, Tellus, 54B, 278–299, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="22" content_type="text"> Romashkin,~P A., Hurst,~D F., Elkins,~J W., Dutton,~G S., Fahey,~D W., Dunn,~R E., Moore,~F L., Myers,~R C., and Hall,~B D.: In situ measurements of long-lived trace gases in the lower stratosphere by gas chromatography, J Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 18, 1195–1204, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="23" content_type="text"> Shimazaki,~T. and Wuebbles,~D J.: On the theoretical model for vertical ozone density distributions in the mesosphere and upper stratosphere, Pure Appl. Geophys., 106–108, 1446–1463, 1973. </reference>
		<reference numeration="24" content_type="text"> Simmons,~A J., Uppala,~S M., Dee,~D., and Kobayashi,~S.: ERA-Interim: New ECMWF reanalysis products from 1989 onwards, ECMWF News Lett., 110, 25–35, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="25" content_type="text"> Simmons,~A J., Uppala,~S M., and Dee,~D.: Update on ERA-Interim, ECMWF News Lett., 111, p 5, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="26" content_type="text"> Stenke,~A., Dameris,~M., Grewe,~V., and Garny,~H.: Implications of Lagrangian transport for coupled chemistry-climate simulations, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 8, 18727–18764, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="27" content_type="text"> Waugh,~D W., Plumb,~R A., Elkins,~J W., Fahey,~D W., Boering,~K A., Dutton,~G S., Volk,~C M., Keim,~E., Gao,~R.-S., Daube,~B C., Wofsy,~S C., Loewenstein,~M., Podolske,~J R., Chan,~K R., Proffitt,~M H., Kelly,~K K., Newman,~P A., and Lait,~L R.: Mixing of polar vortex air into middle latitudes as revealed by tracer-tracer scatterplots, J Geophys. Res., 102, 13119–13134, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="28" content_type="text"> Webster,~C R., May,~R D., Trimble,~C A., Chave,~R G., and Kendall,~J.: Aircraft (ER-2) laser infrared absorption spectrometer (ALIAS) for in-situ stratospheric measurements of HCI, \chemN_2O, \chemCH_4, \chemNO_2, and \chemHNO_3, Appl. Opt., 33, 454–472, 1994. </reference>
		<reference numeration="29" content_type="text"> Wilson,~R.: Turbulent diffusivity in the free atmosphere inferred from MST radar measurements: a~review, Ann. Geophys., 22, 3869–3887, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="30" content_type="text"> Wohltmann,~I. and Rex,~M.: Improvement of vertical and residual velocities in pressure or hybrid sigma-pressure coordinates in analysis data in the stratosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 265–272, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="31" content_type="text"> Woodman,~R F. and Rastogi,~P K.: Evaluation of effective eddy diffusive coefficients using radar observations of turbulence in the stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 11, 243–246, 1984. </reference>
	</references>
</article>

